Privileged partnership
Privileged partnership is a generic term for increased cooperation between the European Union and a non-EU country to advance common goals,[1] often without pursuing EU membership.[2][3][4]
History
[edit]The term was initially used to describe an alternative to EU membership for Turkey that was first floated in November 2002 by Heinrich August Winkler in Die Zeit[5] and later formally proposed in 2004,[6][7] although the term was used previously in 2003 to describe a proposed relationship with Russia[8] and was also used in 2004 for a proposed relationship with Israel.[9]
Since that time, the term has been used for alternatives for EU membership for Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, North Macedonia, Serbia, Montenegro, and Kosovo.[10] It has since been used retrospectively to characterize relationships with the countries[11][12][13] considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy that were first proposed in the Commission Communication of March 2003,[14] and is also used for the EU's bilateral relationship with Tunisia[15][16][17] and with Russia.[18]
Ultimately, the term dates back to 1957 when it was used to characterize Morocco's relationship with the European Economic Community.[19]
By country
[edit]Albania
[edit]The term was used for a proposed alternative to EU membership for Albania.[10]
Algeria
[edit]The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Algeria.[13]
Armenia
[edit]The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Armenia.[13]
Azerbaijan
[edit]The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Azerbaijan.[13]
Belarus
[edit]The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Belarus.[13]
Bosnia and Herzegovina
[edit]The term was used for a proposed alternative to EU membership for Bosnia and Herzegovina.[10]
Croatia
[edit]The term was used for a proposed alternative to EU membership for Croatia. The option was dropped in favor of full membership. Croatia joined the union in July 2013.[10]
Egypt
[edit]The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Egypt.[13]
North Macedonia
[edit]The term was used for a proposed alternative to EU membership for North Macedonia.[10]
Georgia
[edit]The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Georgia.[13]
Israel
[edit]The term was used by Spanish foreign minister Miguel Ángel Moratinos, who spoke out for a "privileged partnership, offering all the benefits of EU membership, without participation in the institutions" for Israel.[9] It was also used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Israel.[13]
Jordan
[edit]The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Jordan.[13]
Kosovo
[edit]The term was used for a proposed alternative to EU membership for Kosovo.[10]
Lebanon
[edit]The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Lebanon.[13]
Libya
[edit]The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Libya.[13]
Moldova
[edit]The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Moldova.[13]
Morocco
[edit]The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Morocco.[13]
Palestine
[edit]The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including the Palestinian Authority.[13]
Russia
[edit]French President Jacques Chirac used the term for a proposed Russia-EU relationship at the Russia-EU summit in 2003.[8]
Serbia and Montenegro
[edit]The term was used for a proposed alternative to EU membership for Serbia and Montenegro.[10]
Syria
[edit]The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Syria.[13]
Tunisia
[edit]The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Tunisia.[13]
Turkey
[edit]Privileged partnership (Turkish: İmtiyazlı ortaklık) was the term used by Angela Merkel in February 2004[6] to describe a future relationship between Turkey and the European Union which fell short of full membership. The proposal was advanced by CDU/CSU members.[7]
Ukraine
[edit]The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Ukraine.[13]
United Kingdom
[edit]The term was used by Jacques Delors for a proposed relationship between the European Union and the United Kingdom should it exit the EU.[20]
See also
[edit]- Eastern Partnership
- Enlargement of the European Union
- European integration
- European Union Association Agreement
- Potential enlargement of the European Union
References
[edit]- ^ Wilhelm Knelangen, "A Neighbourhood of Freedom, Security and Justice?", see here[permanent dead link]
- ^ Claus Leggewie "Privileged partnership, less democracy?", www.eurozine.com 2008-07-08, see here Archived 4 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "BORDERING AND ORDERING THE EUROPEAN NEIGHBOURHOOD: A CRITICAL PERSPECTIVE ON EU TERRITORIALITY AND GEOPOLITICS", James Wesley Scott, University of Joensuu, TRAMES, 2009, 13(63/58), 3, 232–247, see here
- ^ "THE EUROPEAN NEIGHBOURHOOD POLICY: THE EUROPEAN UNION'S NEW ENGAGEMENT TOWARDS WIDER EUROPE", by Sevilay KAHRAMAN, see here
- ^ Heinrich August Winkler: Wir erweitern uns zu Tode Die Zeit Nr. 46, 7. November 2002
- ^ a b "WHAT IS PRIVILEGED PARTNERSHIP FOR?", Diplomatic Observer, 16 July 2009, see here[usurped]
- ^ a b "Preserving Europe : Offer Turkey a privileged partnership instead" By Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg, Wednesday, 15 December 2004, see here
- ^ a b "French president speaks for Russia-EU privileged partnership", 31.05.2003, Pravda.ru, see here
- ^ a b "Spanish foreign minister backs virtual membership for Israel", 03.12.04 @ 09:55 EUObserver, see here
- ^ a b c d e f g "Merkel moots privileged partnership for Balkans" 17.03.06 @ 13:49 EUObserver, see here
- ^ "COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION, European Neighbourhood Policy STRATEGY PAPER, Brussels, 12.5.2004 COM(2004) 373 final see here
- ^ "The Eastern Dimension of the European Neighbourhood Policy: A Romanian approach" Iulian Chifu, Conflict Prevention and Early Warning Centre, Bucharest see here Archived 13 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Foreign Ministry, Foreign Policy, Europe, Neighbourhood Policy, from the Austrian Federal Ministry for European and International Affairs, see here
- ^ "COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE COUNCIL AND THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT: Wider Europe — Neighbourhood: A New Framework for Relations with our Eastern and Southern Neighbours" Brussels, 11.3.2003 COM(2003) 104 final, see here
- ^ "EU-Tunisia: privileged partnership in November, Barroso says: Fule and Bettaieb sign financial aid plans for health, justice" 02 OCTOBER, 19:13, ANSAMed, see here
- ^ "Tunisia to become Privileged Partner to European Union", Hend Hassassi, 29 October 2012, see here Archived 5 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Tunisia’s Privileged Partnership With the European Union", Nadya B’Chir. Translated from Business News (Tunisia), November 2012 see here Archived 3 December 2012 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "The Economic Rationale of the European Neighborhood Policy", Susanne Milcher, Ben Slay, Mark Collins, United Nations’ Development Programme 2006, see here[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Neighborhood and Enlargement Policy: Comparing the Democratization Impact of the European Union in Morocco and Turkey", Martina Warning, WP 4/2006, CIRES (Italian Research Centre for European Studies), see here Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Britain could leave EU, says Jacques Delors", 28/12/2012, from France 24, see here
