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Croatian Navy

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Croatian Navy
Croatian: Hrvatska ratna mornarica
Emblem of the Croatian Navy
Founded1991
Country Croatia
TypeNavy
Size1,363[1]
30 vessels
Part ofArmed Forces of Croatia
H/QLora, Split, Croatia
PatronSaint Nicholas
MarchMi smo hrvatski mornari (English: We are Croatian sailors!)
AnniversariesSeptember 18[a]
EngagementsCroatian War of Independence
Operation Atalanta
Operation Triton
Websitehttps://www.morh.hr/en/
Commanders
Commander Commodore Ivo Raffanelli
Deputy Commander,
Chief of Naval Staff		Ship-of-the-line cpt. Milan Blažević
Notable
commanders		Fleet Admiral Sveto Letica, Admiral Vid Stipetić, Viceadmiral Zdravko Kardum, Rear Admiral Janko Vuković
Insignia
Ensign
Jack

The Croatian Navy (HRM; Croatian: Hrvatska ratna mornarica, lit. 'Croat war navy') is the naval force branch of the Croatian Armed Forces. It was formed in 1991 from what Croatian forces managed to capture from the Yugoslav Navy during the breakup of Yugoslavia and Croatian War of Independence. In addition to mobile coastal missile launchers, today it operates 30 vessels, divided into the Navy Flotilla for traditional naval duties, and the Croatian Coast Guard. Five missile boats form the Croatian fleet's main offensive capability.

History

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Main article: History of the Croatian Navy

Origins

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Since the ninth century, the Duchy of Croatia (later Kingdom) engaged in naval battles, struggling to maintain control over the eastern Adriatic coast and Adriatic merchant routes. Commemorating the first recorded Croat naval victory, when the subjects of Croatian duke Branimir defeated the Venetian naval expedition on September 18, 887, the Croatian Navy Day is celebrated yearly on September 18.[2] Croatian fleet was particularly active under duke Domagoj and king Petar Krešimir IV. Royal Croatian-Dalmatian navy with 12-15 galleys existed under Louis I in central Dalmatia in the 14th century. Afterwards Venetian Republic established control over most of Croatian coast until 1797. Modern foundations of Croatian Navy can be traced back to Austro-Hungarian Navy (1797–1918) and Yugoslav Navy (1918–1941, 1942–1991) when Croatia was a constituent part of these states.

First Croatian flag ever hoisted on a naval ship, Pula, October 31st, 1918, with the crews saluting the flag

When Croatia was a part of Austria-Hungary, its Adriatic coast was essentially the only access to sea this Central European state had. A Habsburg arsenal and a naval shipyard were established in Kraljevica in 1729, while naval bases, schools, shipyards, headquarters and a naval academy were later set up in Pula and Rijeka. Navy's emblem included Croatian coat of arms. Many highly ranked officers came from Croatia: grand admiral Maximilian Njegovan, ship-of-the-line captain Janko Vuković Podkapelski and others. In 1885, 44.9% of sailors and NCOs and 10.3% of naval officers came from Croatia,[Note] while in 1910 those shares dropped to 29.8% and 9.8%, respectively.[3] Czech military historian Jindřich Marek points out that "Croats were more often applied to heavy labour as stokers and deck hands" and were at comparative disadvantage due to their lack of swimming and German language skills.[4] At the end of October 1918, while Austria-Hungary was falling apart and the war was drawing to an end, emperor Charles handed the Navy over to the Zagreb People's Council, which promoted Vuković to the rank of the rear admiral and appointed him as a fleet commander. Croatian flag was hoisted on all ships in Pula (including, most notably, the flagship SMS Viribus Unitis) and some in Kotor, but the Entente navies soon captured nearly all vessels and divided them among themselves.

Croatian officers and sailors continued to man the new Royal Yugoslav Navy (1918–1941) until its demise during the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia. During World War II Croatian partisans formed a guerilla Partisan Navy consisting of makeshift vessels in 1942, resisting Italian (and later German) occupation of the Adriatic. In the later phases of the war, they cooperated closely with the Royal Navy. After the war, Socialist Yugoslav Navy, sprung up from the partisan navy, had Split as its HQ and mainly used shipyards in Šibenik, Split, Kraljevica, Rijeka and Pula.

Modern Croatian Navy

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In 1991, after the federal Yugoslav armed forces sided with Serbian leadership under Milošević and decided to fight against the democratically elected Croatian government which proclaimed Croatia's independence, ethnically Croat naval officers and rank-and-file led by admiral Sveto Letica started forming a new Croatian Navy. Using coastal artillery batteries they forced Yugoslav ships to retreat from Croatian territorial waters while in commando actions Croatian forces and shipyard personnel seized naval equipment and 35 vessels. At least three Yugoslav patrol boats were disabled in action and two minesweepers sunk. The Croatian Navy played an important role during the Croatian War of Independence (1991–1995), especially after acquiring strategically important RBS-15B missiles.

After the war

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RTOP-42 Dubrovnik

In 2009 Croatia joined NATO and the Navy was restructured in the process. In addition to that, in 2007 it was reorganized by dividing the personnel and vessels with newly founded Coast Guard, which remained a part of the Navy. Two former Helsinki class missile boats, FNS Oulu and FNS Kotka, were acquired from Finland. They were renamed Vukovar and Dubrovnik respectively (both cities were almost completely destroyed by Serbian and Montenegro shelling during the Croatian war of independence), and entered service in December, 2008. They were acquired along with a considerable amount of spare parts (most notably three MTU engines - to be installed on Kralj class vessels) due to a severe shortage of vessels at present. The price of these ships was €9 million and is considered rather symbolic, mostly because it was a part of the offset deal for the previous Croatian acquisition of Patria AMV armoured vehicles. The ships reached their full operational capability in June, 2009. The 2015 Strategic Defence Review envisages an overhaul and upgrade suitable for 'interception duties' to be completed in 2020. A revised out-of-service date is not known.

The Končar class missile boat Šibenik has been overhauled with new turbine engines and radars and is due to remain in service until 2018-2020. The Kralj class vessels were planned to be extensively modernized at a price of €20 million, but as a result of the recent acquisition of Helsinki class boats RTOP-11 has completed a basic overhaul and engine upgrade worth around €5 million. RTOP-12 will also be upgraded to this standard.

The RBS-15 missile system was due to be scrapped but this decision was reversed in 2014 and an upgrade to 20 units will be completed by 2018. Successful live firing of the upgraded missiles was conducted from a mobile launcher and from RTOP-12 during 2015 (the first missile firing exercise by the Croatian Navy since 1994)[5] and again from RTOP-42 during 2016.[6]

Mission

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Adriatic Sea
Croatian territorial waters and Exclusive economic zone of Croatia (blue)

The mission of the Croatian Navy (HRM) is to defend the integrity and sovereignty of the Republic of Croatia, to promote and protect its interest in the Adriatic Sea, islands and coast-lands. It carries and organizes the naval defense of the Republic of Croatia. The Croatian Navy fulfils its role by preparing itself and carrying out the following main tasks:

  1. Deterring the threat to the Republic of Croatia by maintaining high level of competence, training and technical quality of equipment
  2. Constant control of the Adriatic Sea and coast-land and monitoring of foreign warships' movement
  3. Strengthening of the safety conditions on the Adriatic Sea and preserving the integrity of the maritime borders
  4. Implementation of the program "Partnership for Peace in the Mediterranean"

Croatian Navy organization

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Organizational structure

The following commands were created to carry out the mission of the Croatian Navy:[7]

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The Navy Command in Split was reshuffled into the Navy Staff in 2013.[8] The Navy Staff is led by a Ship-of-the-Line Captain, who apart from being the chief of the Navy Staff also serves as a deputy commander of the Navy. This position is currently held by SotL Capt. Milan Blažević. A Command company is attached to the Navy Staff.

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Main article: Navy Flotilla (Croatia)
NATO Maritime Group 2 (SNMG2) ships with Croatian missile boats Šibenik and Zvonimir during an exercise

The Navy flotilla handles all tasks regarding anti-ship and anti-submarine warfare as well as minelaying and mine countermeasures, anti-terrorist activities and VIP/residential transport. Flotilla is administratively based in Lora naval base in Split. Current commander is ship-of-the-line captain Damir Dojkić.[9] Today it is accordingly divided into three squadrons:

Coast guard

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Main article: Croatian Coast Guard
Two Croatian Air Force Pilatus PC-9 are operationally attached to Croatian Coast Guard for maritime patrol duties

The Coast Guard, founded in 2007, deals with peacetime duties, e.g. environment protection, fishing control, control of tankers, ballast waters, anti-terrorist activities, combating narcotics and trafficking of people etc.[12] The Coast Guard's mission is to protect sovereign rights and carry out Croatia's jurisdiction in the Ecological and Fisheries Protection Zone, the continental shelf and the high seas. It also monitors vessels in the Croatian territorial waters. It provided training ship BŠ-72 Andrija Mohorovičić to EU's Operation Triton, rescuing migrants off the coast of Sicily in 2015. Its current commander is ship-of-the-line captain Ivo Raffanelli. It consists of two squadrons:

  • 1st Coast Guard Squadron, based in Split with two former Yugoslav Mirna class patrol boats and other vessels
  • 2nd Coast Guard Squadron, based in Pula handles Coast Guard tasks in northern Adriatic with two Mirna-class patrol boats and other vessels.

Four Air Force Mil Mi-171sh helicopters (based at Divulje airfield near Split) and two Pilatus PC-9 planes (based at Zemunik Air Base) are operationally attached to the Coast Guard for maritime SAR and navy support and maritime patrol duties, respectively.

Sea Surveillance Battalion

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The Sea Surveillance Battalion operates four Enhanced Peregrine naval radar posts at Lastovo, Dugi Otok, Mljet and Vis and additional nine GEM SC-2050XS naval radar posts at Savudrija, Brijuni, Mali Lošinj, Dugi Otok, Žirje, Vis, Lastovo, Mljet and Molunat. The battalion also operates the navy's signals and communications equipment.

Split naval base

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The Split naval base's task is to manage the Lora Naval Base in northern part of Split, including "St. Nicholas" naval barracks, and to provide logistic support for the ships and vessels in Pula (Naval Detachment North) and Ploče (Naval Detachment South). It also manages Naval Training Center in Split and a medical center specifically designed to treat maritime disease, such as decompression sickness.

Ranks

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Commissioned officer ranks

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The rank insignia of commissioned officers.

NATO code OF-10 OF-9 OF-8 OF-7 OF-6 OF-5 OF-4 OF-3 OF-2 OF-1
 Croatian Navy[13]
Admiral flote Admiral Viceadmiral Kontraadmiral Komodor Kapetan bojnog broda Kapetan fregate Kapetan korvete Poručnik bojnog broda Poručnik fregate Poručnik korvete

Other ranks

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The rank insignia of non-commissioned officers and enlisted personnel.

NATO code OR-9 OR-8 OR-7 OR-6 OR-5 OR-4 OR-3 OR-2 OR-1
 Croatian Navy[13]
 No insignia
Časnički namjesnik Stožerni narednik Nadnarednik Narednik Desetnik Skupnik Razvodnik Pozornik Mornar

Vessels

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Main article: List of active Croatian Navy ships
RTOP-11 Kralj Petar Krešimir IV
RTOP-21 Šibenik
External videos
video icon RTOP-12 firing an RBS-15 missile, YouTube video
video icon Navy's live fire exercise, October 2016, YouTube video

The Croatian Navy operates mostly vessels that were captured from the disintegrating Yugoslav Navy during the Croatian War of Independence in 1991. Most of those have been extensively overhauled or modernized (such as Šibenik (RTOP-21), extensively overhauled in 1991 to match the Kralj class), especially after the navy introduced RBS-15B missiles in its service instead of Soviet P-20s that used to be standard Yugoslav equipment. However, out of five missile boats, main combatant vessels, only Šibenik served under Yugoslav flag. Some ships were captured laid or unfinished in the docks and were finished by Croatians (such as Kralj Petar Krešimir IV (RTOP-11) in 1992). Kralj Dmitar Zvonimir (RTOP-12) (commissioned in 2001) as Krešimir's improved design and Cetina-class minelayer-landing ships were built and commissioned in Croatia (1993 and 1995, respectively). Two Helsinki-class missile boats RTOP-41 Vukovar and RTOP-42 Dubrovnik (built in 1985/6) were purchased from Finland in 2008, while a small minehunter LM-51 Korčula was built in 2006.

Krešimir underwent an extensive overhaul and engine replacement in 2014 while Zvonimir, being built during international arms embargo against former Yugoslav countries in the 1990s and thus featuring a mix of Russian and western equipment, also underwent an overhaul in 2015.

Navy also operates several armed landing crafts, while one school ship (BŠ-72 Andrija Mohorovičić) built in 1972 and one salvage ship (BS-73 Faust Vrančić) built in 1976 are a part of the Coast Guard. Croatian forces also operate about 20 other auxiliary vessels and crafts.

The Coast Guard's backbone are four Mirna class patrol boats built during the early 1980s. Their radar equipment was modernized in 2007 and stern anti-aircraft guns have been replaced with a hoist with semi-rigid-hulled inflatable boats in 2009-2012 to help in their intercepting duties. These aging patrol boats will be replaced in 2016-9 with 5 OOB-39 project ships currently under construction in Brodosplit shipyard, which is the first major modernization of Croatian Navy in a while. Construction of the first out of the projected 5 vessels was scheduled to start in 2007, however the international tender for the construction of 5 vessels was published only on April 24, 2013. The tender called for the acquisition of a total of 5 inshore patrol boats which are to be 43.5 meters long, with a displacement of roughly 220 tons and a maximum sustained speed of at least 28 knots.[14][15] They will be armed with a Turkish made 30 mm Aselsan SMASH stabilized remote weapon station and two 12.7mm heavy machine guns along with a MANPADS launcher.[16] The order was placed with Brodosplit in April 2015 and the keel of the first ship was laid in September of the same year. As projected, the first vessel was to enter service in the beginning of 2017, the second and third in 2017, the fourth in 2018 and the last one in 2019. Units were projected to cost around 10 million euros, respectively.[14] The first prototype ship, OOB-31 "Omiš" was commissioned by the Croatian Navy on 7 December 2018.[17] Four additional ships are under construction at Brodosplit shipyard as of November 2020.[18]

Previously reported plans for the purchase of 2-4 offshore patrol vessels (OPV) or corvettes have been cancelled due to budgetary constraints but the 2015 strategic defence review envisages the procurement of a second-hand OPV by 2024. Politicians and military figures continue to discuss construction of a domestic-build OPVs or surface combatants in the post-2020 time period but this is an unfunded project.[19] The Navy commander, rear admiral Stipanović, stated in October 2016 that the introduction of a new missile system (replacing the existing RBS-15) will be planned accordingly and executed together with construction of new OPVs.[20]

Coastal and other equipment

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[edit]

Croatia has a long history of naval education and training. Between 1857 and 1918 an Austro-Hungarian naval academy was located in Rijeka with NCO training school in Šibenik. Royal Yugoslav Navy founded a three-year naval academy in Gruž (Dubrovnik) in 1923 (later joined by naval staff college in 1937) while a school for petty officers was opened in Šibenik. Post-WWII Yugoslav Navy set up a "Maršal Tito" naval academy in Split.

After a distinct Croatian Navy was founded in 1991, naval education went through various reforms and changes. Currently officers to be commissioned into the Croatian Navy receive their undergraduate education at Croatian Military Academy in Zagreb, which also hosts staff colleges and war colleges. A specific naval education and training centre is set up in Lora naval base in Split. Croatian Military Academy and Split University as of 2016 are in the process of opening a new undergraduate 4-year naval program in Split which is to have two main course tracks: naval engineering and seamanship.[21][20]

Future projects

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External images
image icon New patrol boat (project OOB 39/42) under construction in Brodosplit Shipyard, October 2016.[22]
image icon A digital model of a project OOB 39/42 patrol boat as envisaged by the designer, Brodarski institut. It's bearing racing stripes of Croatian Coast Guard.
  • Overhaul of existing 2 Kralj class fast attack craft, including new engines. Cost of program - 70 million Croatian Kuna - the project has been initiated with the complete overhaul of one of the vessels (RTOP-11).
  • Overhaul and upgrade of existing Helsinki class fast attack craft by 2020 for interception duties.
  • Overhaul of training ship Andrija Mohorovičić by 2024.
  • Five Omiš class patrol boats for Coast Guard. Cost of program is estimated at 380 million Croatian Kuna. First ship was laid down in September 2015 and delivered in 2018. Four other ships are ordered and being constructed at Brodosplit shipyard.[16][23]
  • Following an endorsement by the Royal Norwegian Navy, the Strategic Defence Review has announced that the salvage ship Faust Vrančić will be upgraded by 2020 to make it an effective platform for conducting various ecological operations.
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  • RBS-15 anti-ship missile launchers
    RBS-15 anti-ship missile launchers
  • AK-630 gatling gun
    AK-630 gatling gun
  • Bofors 57 mm/70 Mk1 gun
    Bofors 57 mm/70 Mk1 gun
  • SAKO 23mm guns
    SAKO 23mm guns
  • MK-44 torpedo
    MK-44 torpedo
  • Landing craft and minelayer Krka
    Landing craft and minelayer Krka
  • BŠ-72 Andrija Mohorovičić
    BŠ-72 Andrija Mohorovičić
  • Salvage ship Faust Vrančić
    Salvage ship Faust Vrančić

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ First recorded Croatian naval victory (under duke Branimir against Venetians near Makarska in AD 887).

References

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  1. ^ "OSRH - Glavna".
  2. ^ "U Splitu obilježena 20. obljetnica HRM-a". Hrvatski vojnik (in Croatian). September 2011. Archived from the original on 2013-12-05. Retrieved 2012-07-27.
  3. ^ "Sprachen beim Militär im alten Österreich ", Günter Ofner.
  4. ^ "When Czech mariners sailed the seas | Radio Prague". Radio Praha. 10 May 2011. Retrieved 2019-08-29.
  5. ^ "RBS15 Successfully Test-Fired By The Croatian Navy", Saab Group, 03 November 2015
  6. ^ "Successful Firing of RBS15 by the Croatian Navy", Saab Group, 27 october 2016
  7. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on December 21, 2008. Retrieved 2016-06-19.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  8. ^ Strategic Defence Overview 2013[permanent dead link‍], MoD (in Croatian), p. 19.
  9. ^ "Navy Flotilla", Armed Forces of the Republic of Croatia.
  10. ^ "Podvodna vozila Remus stigla u HRM" Archived 2016-10-20 at the Wayback Machine, defender.hr
  11. ^ "Satnija mornaričkog desantnog pješaštva". MORH (in Croatian). 2018-09-14. Retrieved 2021-11-23.
  12. ^ "Interview with Admiral Kardum" Archived 2008-03-14 at the Wayback Machine, Hrvatski vojnik, 2005.
  13. ^ a b "Oznake činova". osrh.hr (in Croatian). Republic of Croatia Armed Forces. 1 April 2019. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
  14. ^ a b "Pokrenuta nabava obalnih ophodnih brodova (OOB) - 1+4". Archived from the original on 14 December 2014. Retrieved 14 December 2014.
  15. ^ "Ophodni brodovi: prototip za godinu dana, a ostali za deset miseci > Slobodna Dalmacija > Split". 25 August 2014. Retrieved 14 December 2014.
  16. ^ a b "Brodosplit to build four more Omis-class patrol vessel for Croatian Navy". Naval Post. 4 March 2020. Retrieved 5 July 2021.
  17. ^ "Croatia takes delivery of first locally-built inshore patrol vessel 'Omiš'". 7 December 2018.
  18. ^ [1], obris.org
  19. ^ "Croatian Navy's future OPV/Corvette BIS 91 - Naval Post- Naval News and Information". Navalnews.net. 19 May 2020. Retrieved 2021-11-20.
  20. ^ a b Tabak, Igor. "kontraadmiral Stipanović za HTV o budućnosti HRM-a", obris.org, 14/10/2016
  21. ^ "Croatian Military Academy Day", Armed Forces, December 18th, 2015
  22. ^ Brodosplit Shipyard
  23. ^ "Obrana i sigurnost – Položene kobilice za posljednja dva OOB-a". Obris.org. Retrieved 2021-11-20.
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