Jump to content

Kannadigas

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Kannadigas
Kannaḍigaru
ಕನ್ನಡಿಗರು
Children and woman dressed in traditional attire
Total population
c. 44 million[1][2]
Regions with significant populations
 India44 million[3]
Languages
Kannada
Religion
Majority:
Hinduism
Minority:
[4]
Related ethnic groups

The Kannadigas or Kannaḍigaru[a] (Kannada: ಕನ್ನಡಿಗರು[b]), often referred to as Kannada people, are a Dravidian ethno-linguistic group who natively speak Kannada and trace their ancestry to the South Indian state of Karnataka in India and its surrounding regions.[5] The Kannada language belongs to the Dravidian family of languages.[6] Kannada stands among 30 of the most widely spoken languages of the world as of 2001.[7]

Evidence for human habitation in Karnataka exists from at least the 2nd millennium BCE, and the region is said to have had contact with the Indus Valley civilization.[citation needed] In the 3rd–4th century BCE the land was ruled by the Mauryas and Jainism had dominant presence. It is said that Mauryan emperor Chandragupta Maurya himself, after abdicating the throne to his son Bindusara, retired to the Shravanabelagola region with his Jain guru.[8][9]

After the Mauryas, parts of Karnataka were variously ruled by dynasties who were either ethnically Kannadiga or from the outside. One theory posits that the Vijayanagara Empire, one of the region's most renowned, was founded by Kannadigas who served as commanders in the Hoysala Empire's army stationed in the Tungabhadra region.[10] The Kadambas, Chalukyas, Rashtrakutas and Hoysalas were some of the other major Kannada kingdoms and dynasties ruling the region.

The Kannada language has written inscriptions dating back as far as 450 CE. Kannada literature is mostly composed of treatises on various topics and poems on religious works. Kannada architecture is dominated by stone-carved sculptured palaces, temples and traditional wooden folk houses known as thotti mane and chowki mane.[11] Many of religious architectures built during ancient and medieval period are today UNESCO World Heritage sites.[12]

History

[edit]
Main article: History of Karnataka
Gold coins issued by Kadamba King Toyimadeva, 1048 – 1075 A.D

Talagunda (370 CE) and Halmidi inscriptions (450 CE to 500 CE) stand as the oldest known full-length inscriptions in Kannada.[13]

The language was once popular from the Kaveri to Godavari rivers as mentioned in the Kannada classic Kavirajamarga of 850 CE.[14] Archaeological evidences show Kannada inscriptions found as far north as Madhya Pradesh (inscription of Krishna III) and Bihar.[15] Karnataka Expansion provides insights to kingdoms of northern India whose originators were from Kannada country.[16]

The major empires and kingdoms, their regal capital and most distinguished kings were:

Minor dynasties that have played an important role in the development of Kannada, culture and polity were Chutus of Banavasi (feudatory to Satavahana Empire),[17][18] Tuluva Dynasty of Canara,[19] Rattas of Saundatti (Belgaum),[19] Guttas of Guttal (Dharwad region),[20] Banas of Kolar,[21] Nolambas of Nolambavadi,[22][23] Vaidumbas,[24][25] Chengalvas,[19] Kongalvas,[19] Sendrakas of Nagarkhanda (Banavasi province), Yalahanka Nadaprabhu Kempegowda,[26] Sindas of Yelburga (Bijapur-Gulbarga),[20] Kadamba of Hangal.[27]

In addition, other well known kingdoms that patronized Kannadiga poets and Kannada language were:

Immigrants from Karnataka

[edit]

In addition to those empires that ruled from the Karnataka region, based on inscriptions and literary evidence historians have discussed the possibility that kingdoms of Kannada origin were established in other parts of India as well.

Culture

[edit]
Main articles: Folk arts of Karnataka and Art and culture of Karnataka

Architecture

[edit]
Main article: Temples of Karnataka
Hampi, capital of Vijayanagara Empire

Architecture and Sculpture has been the epitome of art in Karnataka. Be it the musical pillars of Hampi, which is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site,[52] the ekashila (monolithic) statue of Gommateshvara Bahubali that was voted by Indians as the first of Seven Wonders of India,[53] the Yelu Sutthina Kote of Chitradurga (The Fort of Seven Laps) cutting across hill or the wholesomeness of carvings of temples which bared down all desires to be left out of it and formless (above all forms) all encompassing — the inner garbhagrihas.[citation needed] The temples of Karnataka had in them many shaili or varieties to credit. A majority of the temples were built using the locally available stones.

57-foot monolithic statue of Gommateshvara Bahubali dated 978–993 AD.
Traditional folk house with courtyard and tulasi katte.

Some of the places of interest are:

Kailasa Temple, Ellora built by Kannara I

Pioneer sculptors include:

Modern day contemporaries include visionary architects such as:

Mysore religious icon painting depicting Goddess Saraswathi

Modern Kannada art is primarily influenced by Raja Ravi Varma and his realism. Popular visual arts generally revolve around puppetry. Most traditional religious paintings include works that are very colorful.

These are many of the places where art is displayed.

Music

[edit]
Main articles: Musicians of Mysore kingdom, Dasa sahitya, Haridasa, and Vachana Sahitya

Dasa sahitya is the literature of Bhakti movement composed by devotees in honor of Lord Vishnu or one of his avatars. Dasa is literally "servant" in Kannada and sahitya is literature. Haridasas ("servants of God") were preachers of Bhakti to Vishnu. The bhakti literature of these Haridasas is collectively referred to as Dasa Sahitya. It is composed in the Kannada language.[60]

The Haridasas richly contributed to the heritage of Karntataka music.[60][61] They made an indelible impression on the religious and cultural life of Karnataka by spreading the didactic teachings in a musical form to the hearts of the common folk.[62] Like other doyens of Indian classical music, these scholars offered prayer to Vishnu through music, called naadopasana. The Lord is described as Samagana priya, and bhakti through music is the most preferred path to 'reach' Him.[63]

The Haridasa compositions are popularly known as Devaranamas. Compositions like Krishna Nee Begane Baaro, Venkatachala Nilayam, Jagadoddharana, Tamboori Meetidava are some of the many examples of their scholarly work.

Veena is the most commonly used instrument in Carnatic music.

Some noted Haridasas or composers of Dasa Sahitya are:

One of the oldest forms of music in the region is Karnataka Shastreeya Sangeetha which has evolved over ages. Both Hindustani and Karnataka variations are respected and nurtured by Kannadigas. Bhavageete and Sugama Sangeetha are some innovations. Other forms of music include Gamaka,[65] Joogera Pada and Lavani.[66] Yakshagana is considered a unique and indigenous form of both music and dance of Karnataka.[67]

Contemporary musical thespians are:

Veene Sheshanna (1852-1926) notable Veena player and composer.

Theater

[edit]
Jaanapada artists at government-sponsored Jaanapadha Jaatre

Rangabhoomi or the theater culture is a tradition with Kannadigas. While a lot of gadhya (literature) is written in praise of the heroic characters of the epics and puranas, there are major works depicting the kings and their rule. These are called Naataka (plays having wide-ranging stages for performance like Rangamancha staged in either theaters or on streets) and Bayalata (ಬಯಲಾಟ).[71] As its etymology indicates, bayalu means open-air field and ata means theater. In southern Karnataka, the eastern and western varieties of Yakshagana are termed Bayalata, whereas in the north, several other distinct genres are included under the name.[72]

Harikathe which covers an entire night is another form where one (or more) person tells a story in an outstanding manner accompanied by music at background.[73] It is a common feature to narrate battles, stories, devotions or vratha in front of temples on auspicious days like Dasara and Maha Shivaratri.[74] Harikathe is a composite art form composed of story telling, poetry, music, drama, dance, and philosophy. Today, late-night Harikathe sessions are organized overseas where Kannadiga population is considerable.[75]

Togalu gombeyaata, is a unique puppet show form of shadow puppetry, Gombe ata involves story telling using character made from dolls, Whose performance is controlled by the humans in the background using invisible threads [76]

Vasanta Habba (ವಸಂತ ಹಬ್ಬ), which means "spring festival" in Kannada is a cultural festival organized by the Nrityagram foundation in Bengaluru. It is a very popular event and is considered the classical Woodstock of India.[77] First held in 1990, it now attracts the best musicians, dancers and cultural artists from across India.[78] Similarly,'Bengaluru Habba (ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು ಹಬ್ಬ is a congregation of art performances at places in the city which is successfully celebrated every year. It aims to provide aesthetic entertainment to a wide cultural, social and demographic cross-section of the city's people by partnering with corporates and other stakeholders since 2003.[79] In 2006, the Government of Karnataka tried to bring the folklore and art into the city of Bengaluru by initiating Jaanapada Jaatre which was hugely successful and received well by art lovers. It is usually held on select weekends in Lalbagh and other parts of the city.[80]

Some famous theatrical, cinematic and television personalities like T P Kailasam, Gubbi Veeranna, C. Honappa Bhagavathar, G V Iyer, Dr. Rajkumar, Puttanna Kanagal, Kalpana, B. S. Ranga, B V Karanth, Girish Kasaravalli, Shankar Nag, T.S. Nagabharana, T N Seetharam have contributed for its richness.

Dance forms

[edit]
Main article: Dances of Karnataka

The mystic and spirited reliving of legends and epics are the major depictions in dance forms. With the theater of battle scenes of heroism, loyalty and treachery, colour and pageantry are the main subjects. More are adapted with the course of nature and seasons adding colour to the harvesting seasons. Tribal forms of dance can be found limited in the regions inhabited by Soligas, of which Pinasee is a traditional dance form.[81] The people of Kodagu in the Western Ghats also have their own dance forms.

Some of the folk dances and classical dance forms in Karnataka include:

  • Dollu Kunitha, a popular drum dance accompanied by singing
  • Veeragase, It is vigorous dance which involves very intense energy-sapping movements performed by jangamas [82]
  • Kamsale, is a folk dance performed by the devotees of lord Male mahadeshwara with rhythmic instrument
  • Somana Kunitha / Chamana kunitha, a Form of mask dance, Somana kunitha is ritualistic performance during the festivals in temples, prominently glorifying village deities worshipped by the people since ages [83]
  • Pooja Kunita, A religious folk dance of Karnataka which is performed by holding Shakti devata on the head[84]
  • Suggi Kunitha, is performed during harvesting festival in Karnataka, Haalakki tribe living in coastal part of north canara perform this dance at the time of holy harvesting festival [85]
  • Goravara Kunitha is a treditional dance of kurubas which is dedicated to lord mialara linga
  • Yakshagana is a form of dance which is popular in coastal Karnataka
  • Bhootha (Gana) Aradhane /Buta Kola, This form of dance is widely performed in coastal regions. A dancer personifying a bhoota (holy spirit) dances around the plinth with sword & jingling bells.
  • Gaarudi Gombe, where dancers adorn themselves with giant doll-suits made of bamboo sticks
  • Kolata, a stick dance
  • Huttari, is a form of dance performed by Kodavas during harvest festival
  • Moodalapaya, is the eastern form of Yakshagana which is popular in North Karnataka[86]
  • Bayalata, featuring stories of Puranas rendered as dance
  • Bharatanatyam is classical dance of Karnataka, too. It is referred to as Bharata Natya in Kannada. The similar dance content was discussed in the Kannada text Manasollasa, written by Someshwara lll.
  • Jaggahalige Mela, is performed in hubli-dharwad region on the auspicious occasion of Holi & ugadi[87]
  • Karaga (festival), is celebrated annually which is dedicated to draupadi, Bengaluru Karaga is a notable event.

Martial arts

[edit]

The martial arts more prevalent in parts of North Karnataka with Garadi Mane present in every village and a head to train the youngsters into fit individuals. Kusthi, Malla Yuddha, Kathi Varase (which can be seen depicted in Veeragase and similar to sword fighting), Malla Kambha (gymnastics on a pole structure with/without rope) are some of the prominent arts practised.

The Mysore Odeyars arrange kaalaga or fights like Vajra Mushti during Dasara festival which is made less frightening these days as they are publicly staged. Rock lifting, Bull race, Kusthi, and Kabaddi are popular sports.[88]

Yogasana, Praanayama and health-related camps are very popular throughout the state and some of the best Yoga practitioners can be found here. Art of Living is one such organization immensely popular all over the world.

Festivals

[edit]

Kannadigas celebrate festivals throughout the year presenting the diverse culture and belief of the ethnicity. Festivals have varied reasons to celebrate.

In the countryside, a dana jaathre (livestock fair) is held which is a conglomeration of people where a local demigod is worshiped and a ratha or theru (chariots) are moved by the bhakthas and daasoha (free food) is arranged for the visitors.

North Karnataka has a unique blend of Hindu and Muslim brotherhood with people celebrating festivals in unison and exchanging goodwills owing to great revolutionary Shishunala Sharif and Guru Govinda Bhatta who had displayed their religious tolerance and spiritual unity of all religions.

Christmas is celebrated at large in Bengaluru and Mangalooru which host some of the oldest churches and educational institutions of the country. Buddha, Mahaveera, Shankara, Basavanna and Gandhi are remembered on their birth anniversaries.

Cuisine

[edit]
Main article: Cuisine of Karnataka
Masale Dosey

The cuisine of Karnataka includes many vegetarian and non-vegetarian dishes. One of the earliest Indian books with chapters on culinary preparations, Manasollasa, was from Karnataka, written during the reign of Kannada emperor Someshwara |||. The varieties reflect influences from the food habits of many regions and communities from the three neighbouring South Indian states, as well as the state of Maharashtra to its north. Soopa Shastra is notable medieval Kannada literally work written in 1508 A.D on the subject of Kannada cuisine.[89]

Some typical everyday dishes in Kannadigas homes include Bisi Bele Bath, Jolada rotti, Ragi rotti, Akki rotti, Masale rotti, Saaru, Huli, Benne dose, Ragi mudde, Chitranna, Chapathi, Poori, Avalakki, Puri Usli, Puliyogare (tamarind rice) and Uppittu. Dosa (food) origin is linked to Udupi cuisine. A recipe for dosa (as dosaka) can be found in Manasollasa.[90][91] Plain and rave Idli, Masala Dosa or Masale dosey and Maddur Vade are very popular in South Karnataka. Neer dosa is a delicacy from coastal Karnataka.[92] Davanagere Benne dose is a notable flavourful dosa. Kadubu, a kind of rice dumplings, is a popular and ethnic food in South Malnad regions such as Sakaleshpura, Mudigere, Somwarapete, etc. and is consumed with huchellu (black sesame) chutney.

Among sweets, Mysore Pak, Dharwad pedha, Chiroti, Jalebi, and Belagavi Kunda are well known. Hurnagadab, Karadantu of Gokak and Amingarh, Obbattu (bele hurana holige), Kaayi Kadubu, Kaayi (coconut) Obbattu, Shenga holige, Thambittu (tamta), Karji Kai, Ellu unde, Ginna, Halubai, Rave Unde, Otthu Shavige Kaayi haalu, a variety of Payasa (Shavige payasa, kadle bele payasa, Hesaru bele payasa, Sabakki payasa), Sajjige, and Kesari bat are popular sweets. Indis (chutneys) of Karnataka have a very distinct taste and flavour. Some popular ones include Shenga indi (groundnut), Agashi indi, Karal indi, Inichi indi, and Mavina indi (mango). Similarly, Karnataka uppinakai (pickles) too are very distinct from the rest, like Mavina thokku (fine mango pickles), Nimbekai uppinakai (lemon pickles), Tenga Mavina uppinakai (entire mango pickle), gaajri uppinkai (carrot pickle), and menshinikai uppinakai (chili pickle).

Some non-vegetarian dishes include: Dhonne biriyani, Bamboo biriyani, Mutton pulao, Mangalore fish curry, fish fry, Mangalore mutton and chicken Sukka, Mandya naati style Baaduta, Ragi mudde - Koli saaru, rice with Mutton sambar, Egg curry, Pork curry, chicken sambar, or gravy, and Boti gojju, among others.

Clothing

[edit]
Kannada wedding ceremony depicted by Codice Casanatense. The inscription reads; "Marriage of Kanarese", circa 1540.

The costume of Kannada people varies from place to place. The Kannadiga male costume mainly includes panche (some tie as Kachche) or lungi (wrapping style depends on the region), Angi a traditional form of shirt and Peta turban worn in Mysuru style or Dharwad style. Shalya is a piece of long cloth which is put on shoulder commonly seen in the countryside. Many use Khadi in their clothing until date of which politicians are prominent ones.

Female costumes include Seere of which Ilakal Seere and Mysore silk are famous. Seere has variations of draping depending on regions like Kodagu, North and South Karnataka and Karavali. Young women in some parts of Karnataka traditionally wear the Langa davani before marriage. Kasuti is a form of embroidery work which is very popularly sought-after art on dress and costumes.

An Urban male costume comprises trousers, a shirt and sandals, while that of females include shalwar. Jeans are popular among the youth, while new age Khadi/silk printed with art or emblem also find place.

Karnataka has the only village in the country which produces authentic Indian national flags according to manufacturing process and specifications for the flag are laid out by the Bureau of Indian Standards at Hubli.[93]

Literature

[edit]
Main articles: Kannada literature, Karnataka literature, and Modern Kannada literature

Kannada literature is filled with literary figures and pioneers all through. With an unbroken literary history of over a thousand years,[94] the excellence of Kannada literature continues into the present day: works of Kannada literature have received eight Jnanpith awards[95] and fifty-six Sahitya Akademi awards.

Pampa, Ranna and Ponna are considered as three jewels of Old Kannada (Halegannada). Janna was another notable poet of this genre.[96][97]

Basavanna, Akka Mahadevi, Allama Prabhu, Vidyaranya, Harihara, Raghavanka, Kumara Vyasa, Sarvajna, Purandara Dasa, Kanaka Dasa, Shishunala Shareefa, Raghavendra Swami etc. were pioneers of Nadugannada. All these have been involved with social and cultural movements and hence this was the golden era of literature which brought about a renaissance in Kannada literature. This period was amalgamation of literature works which crossed across boundaries under a vast roof encompassed by art and theater fields. The literature works of Kannada in Navodaya is crowned with eight Jnanpith awards.[98]

Some of the contemporary active institutions of Kannada literature are:

Noted travellers and linguists who contributed during the pre- and post-imperial eras include Germany's Ferdinand Kittel, England's Thomas Hodson, Persia's Abd-al-Razzāq Samarqandī and China's Huen-tsang.[citation needed]

Kannada journalism

[edit]
Bhashyam Bhashyachar published "Mysuru Vrittanta Bodhini" in 1859.

Mangaluru Samachara was the first Kannada news publication as early as 1843 by German missionary Hermann Mögling.[100] Followed by Bhashyam Bhashyachar who is credited with publishing the first Kannada weekly from Mysore "Mysuru Vrittanta Bodhini" in 1859 under the royal patronage of Krishnaraja Wadiyar III.[101] Shortly after Indian independence in 1948, K. N. Guruswamy founded The Printers (Mysore) Private Limited and began publishing two newspapers, Deccan Herald and Prajavani. Presently the Times of India and Vijaya Karnataka are the largest-selling English and Kannada newspapers respectively.[102][103] D. V. Gundappa was notable Kannada journalist, he was awarded third-highest civilian award Padmabhushan in 1974.[104]

List of a few major newspapers:

[edit]

Spiritual leaders

[edit]

Gandhian philosophers

[edit]

Modern science and technology

[edit]

Environmentalists

[edit]

Karnataka is one of the few states which, while a leading contributor for GDP of the country[105] and home for industries, has preserved its forests and wildlife. The evergreen Sahyadri and Western Ghats are home to protected Wildlife of Karnataka. The Kannada culture protects and balances Kaadu (forest) and Naadu (state) as can be seen. Although seen scantly still the state enjoys the diversity owing to tribal sects of Soliga, Badaga, Jenu Kuruba, Hakki Pikki, Lambani, Siddis and other inhabitants of forests. See Appiko Chaluvali.

Noted environmentalists include:

Current cricketers

[edit]

Retired cricketers

[edit]

Culture

[edit]

Purana

[edit]

The Puranas describe the region as Kishkindha in the age of the Ramayana. There is also literary evidence that the region of Mysore was called "Mahisha Mandala" after the mythological demon Mahishasura. Parashurama and Hanumantha are some epic characters to be cited relating to this place. Hanumantha (Hanuman) is said to be born in Kishkindha, Karnataka.

Punya Koti

[edit]

One of the most popular and acknowledged Jaanapada songs is "Dharani mandala madhyadolage" which narrates an incidence between mother cow and an aggressive tiger in a place called Karnataka.

Vishwa Maanava

[edit]

Karnataka as now can be viewed as a multicultural state – almost all the religions that can be found in India can be found here and there has been lot immigration as well due to which multi-ethnic diaspora can be seen. As the kingdoms provided a safe centres for development of all cultures we can see a huge diversities from region to region. Even the language and dialects varies from place to place. The language has evolved distinctly in both the backyard (folk/basic/prakrutha) and frontyard (refined and related to Samskrutha/Sanskrit) of the culture.[citation needed] It can be said that the major works of Sanskrit have originated and continues to evolve here.[citation needed] Shringeri, Udupi are some of nerve centres. One of the leading examples include a village near Shivamogga where people speak only Sanskrit until date. Bengaluru being Kannada majority has almost all language speakers of India, and kannadigaru are said to be tolerant and welcoming people.

Tha aikya linga of Basavanna – the ab-initio of social spiritual reformation and a known vachanakaara, at Kudalasangama

One of the most acknowledged concept is to be a Vishwa Maanava or universal being. In Kuvempu's ideology this has a renowned explanation "Every Child is born as a Vishwa Maanava or a Universal Human. It is we who make him Alpa Maanava or Little Human by putting various constrictions of borders rituals and castes. It hence becomes responsibility of our culture to again make him a Universal Being unbound and free." The Kannadiga culture is known to provide shelter and self-respect to people by owning them and their culture.[citation needed] Two colonies for refugees from Tibet are formed, one near Mundgod and one near Kushalanagara, protecting them from Chinese atrocities. Karnataka has sheltered flood victims of northeastern India like Assam and provided them jobs. One of the easily seen diversity is the surnames which vary from hugely like some may involve names involving a Hindu and Muslim name or having a Hindu Christian name (more found in Mangaluru) or even a Muslim Christian name.[106]

Political sphere

[edit]

After the Wadiyar dynasty era who already had established democracy by naming elected representative called Saamantha in southern regions as early as the 19th century, the 1947 partition brought a centre into being under democracy and Karnataka accepted a bicameral legislature. But this was a functionally a failure as there always has been a tug of war from centre and states to an extent that from the 1990s to 2010 there have always been different political parties operating at centre and state. North Karnataka had other problems of getting independence more from Nizams. So there were two spheres. Lack of will and coordination and constant fights have been hallmark of politics which has prevented a regional party/media from arising in the land. Kerala being a neighbour where hugely successful communist ideology in bringing up literacy levels has a backing here and a few naxalite outfits function in Karnataka.

Functional failure of all pillars of democracy even being upper riparian state can be clearly seen in the Kaveri River Water Dispute issue. The failure extended to bureaucracy and Karnataka reached the position of being fourth most corrupt state of India[107] due to political and bureaucratic lobby. Because of this, Lokayukta (see N. Venkatachala) was formed but could not get the required powers to deal with the powerful. In the field of press and journalism P. Lankesh and S. Gurumurthy[108] are some of the noted ones famous for their leftist affiliations.

Caste and Communities

[edit]

Just like other Ethnolinguistic groups in India, Kannada speaking people also form a number of distinct communities. The two single biggest communities numerically are the Lingayat and the Vokkaliga from North and South Karnataka respectively.[109] while Scheduled Castes make up the largest cohesive group of communities. There are also numerous OBC (other backward communities) including the former pastoralist community of Kuruba, Scheduled Tribes like the Boya/Valmiki, scheduled castes like Banjara and Adi Karnataka. Kannada Brahmins are divided into several communities.[110][111] Although historically Jainism in Karnataka had dominant presence, Kannada Jains today form a small minority.[112]

Horanadu Kannadigaru

[edit]

Horanadu Kannadigas (or non-resident Kannadigas) are Kannadigas who have migrated to another state or country, people of Kannada origin born outside Karnataka, or people of Kannada origin who reside permanently outside of Karnataka. N R Narayana Murthy, speaking at the 2011 World Kannada Conference, opined that Kannadigas who move out of the state are respected everywhere.[113] Although the failure in political arena has reflected in the cultural isolation of emigrants, some of the successful functional bodies include Singara (Singapore),[114] Dehali Kannadiga (New Delhi), Mumbai Karnataka Sangha (Mumbai),[115] Mallige Kannada Balaga (Mauritius),[116] North America Vishwa Kannada Association (NAVIKA) and Association of Kannada Kootas of America (AKKA) in the United States have promoted cultural involvement[117] through events such as Kannadotsava. Significant Kannada minorities are found in the Indian states of Maharashtra in Kolhapur, Solapur and Sangli;[118] Tamil Nadu in Nilgiri, Erode, Dharampuri and Hosur;[119] Andhra Pradesh in Madakasira, Rayadurgam, Anantapur, Chitoor and Kurnool; Goa; Kerala in Waynad;[120][121] and in other Indian states.[118] The Kannadiga diaspora are found all over the world, in countries like the USA, the United Kingdom, Canada, and in the UAE.[122][123][124][125][126][127]

Unification of Karnataka

[edit]
Main articles: Unification of Karnataka and History of Karnataka

First and Second World Wars

[edit]

After occupying Mysore, British offered 8 acres & a Rs 75 salary for WWII volunteers from Karnataka.[128] Kannadiga regiments were disbanded after World War II.[129][130] records, as historians still debate about exclusion of revolts from south of Vindhyas against British Indian Army.[131]

From September 1939 until August 1945, recruitment was done at Regimental Centre at Belagavi for the Madras Regiment, the Mahar Regiment, and the Lingayat regiment.[132]

The post-1947 scene

[edit]
Kannada culture flag is represented by colors of turmeric and vermillion.

During the period of British rule, state of Karnataka as it stands today did not exist. Areas that today comprise Karnataka were under as many as 20 different administrative units with the princely state of Mysore, Nizam's Hyderabad, the Bombay Presidency, the Madras Presidency and the territory of Kodagu being the most important ones. In effect, nearly two-thirds of what is now Karnataka fell outside the rule of the Wodeyar kings of Mysore. In addition the proposed state had six neighbours — Goa, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Kerala — and all had Kannadigas along the borders overlapping these regions.

What this meant for the Kannadigas in these regions was that they were reduced to linguistic minorities wherever they were. Kannadigas in the Hubli-Karnataka region for example, came under the rule of the Bombay presidency where Marathi was the official language. Those in the Hyderabad-Karnataka region came under the Nizam's rule where Urdu ruled, while in Mysore Kingdom, Kannada was the official language.

It was in this backdrop that the movement that first started as a protest against linguistic oppression, soon morphed into one that began demanding a separate state be created consolidating all Kannada speaking regions. This was essentially a movement that was spearheaded by the poets, journalists and writers and was called the Ekikarana or 'Unification' movement. India gained independence in 1947. The joy of independence soon gave way to disappointment as the new government started dragging its feet on Karnataka Ekikarana movement. Kannada speaking areas now got grouped under five administrative units of the Bombay and Madras provinces, Kodagu, and the princely states of Mysore and Hyderabad. The Akhila Karnataka Ekikarana Parishat met in Kasargod and reiterated the demand for a separate state for Kannadigas.

The ratification in parliament of the recommendations of the Fazal Ali Committee brought joy to the Kannada speaking population that now was merged under the state of Mysore.

On 1 November 1973, under Devaraj Urs as chief minister, Mysore state was renamed as Karnataka since it was felt that Karnataka was more 'inclusive' of all the other regions of Karnataka than the name Mysore.

Kannada unification organisations currently active include:

Karnataka Emblem

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Kannadigas is a term obtained by adding the English suffix -s to Kannadiga to make it plural. Kannadigaru is the plural form in Kannada. Kannadiga is a masculine term; the feminine term is Kannadathi. Kannadigaru is essentially a masculine term as opposed to Kannadatiyaru but is used when the genders of group members are unclear in context.
  2. ^ Also ಕನ್ನಡದವರು (Sanskrit: कन्नडदवरु, romanized: Kannaḍadavaru) or ಕನ್ನಡಜನ (Sanskrit: कन्नडजना, romanized: Kannaḍajanāḥ)

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Statement 1 : Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2021
  2. ^ Kannadigas at Ethnologue (21st ed., 2018) Closed access icon
  3. ^ Statement 1 : Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011
  4. ^ "Population by religion community – 2011". Census of India, 2011. The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Archived from the original on 25 August 2015.
  5. ^
    • Braj B. Kachru; S. N. Sridhar; Yamuna Kachru, eds. (2008). Language in South Asia. Cambridge University Press. p. 528. ISBN 978-0521781411. Initial studies of language maintenance and/or language shift involved speakers of Kannada (referred to as Kannadigas), and expanded the scope of the study to include speakers of Gujarati (referred to as Gujaratis), and Malayalam (referred to as Malayalis). (K. K. Sridhar 1988, 1993, 1997: K. K. Sridhar and S.N. Sridhar 2000).
    • N. R. Shetty; L. M. Patnaik; N. H. Prasad; N. Nalini, eds. (2017). Emerging Research in Computing, Information, Communication and Applications: ERCICA 2016. Springer. p. 294. ISBN 978-9811047411. Kannada is the thirty-third most spoken language in the world. It is spoken by the Kannada people or Kannadigas (Kannaigaru), mainly in the state of Karnataka and by Kannadiga people settled in other states in India and in the world.
    • Barbara A. West (2010). Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania. Infobase Publishing. p. 361. ISBN 978-1438119137. Kannadigas are native speakers of the Dravidian Kannada language.
  6. ^ "Encyclopedia of World Cultures - Canarese, Kannadiga". Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 17 September 2013.
  7. ^ "Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India". censusindia.gov.in. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
  8. ^ Kulke & Rothermund 2004, p. 64.
  9. ^ Kulke, Hermann; Rothermund, Dietmar (2004), A History of India (4th ed.), London: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-15481-9
  10. ^ Kamath, Suryanath U. (2001). A concise history of Karnataka: from pre-historic times to the present. Bangalore: Jupiter books. pp. 157–160. LCCN 80905179.
  11. ^ Traditional and Vernacular Architecture: Proceedings of the Seminar, 6-12 January 2001, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka. Madras Craft Foundation. 2003.
  12. ^ Chugh, Lalit (2016). Karnataka's Rich Heritage: Art and Architecture: From Prehistoric Times to the Hoysala Period. Notion Press. ISBN 978-93-5206-824-1.
  13. ^ "Kannada inscription at Talagunda may replace Halmidi as oldest". 12 January 2017.
  14. ^ Sastri (1955), pp. 355–356
  15. ^ a b Thapar, Romila (2003), p. 433, The Penguin History of Early India, From Origin to 1300 AD., 2003, Penguin, New Delhi, ISBN 0-14-302989-4
  16. ^ Kamath (2001), pp. 84, 90
  17. ^ Moraes (1931), p 4
  18. ^ Purava HaleGannada or Pre-old Kannada was the language of Banavasi in the early Christian era, the Satavahana and Kadamba eras (Wilks in Rice, B.L. (1897), p 490
  19. ^ a b c d e f g Narasimhacharya (1988), p 68
  20. ^ a b Cousens (1996), p15
  21. ^ Mahalingam in Adiga (2006), p 130
  22. ^ Adiga (2006), p. 134
  23. ^ Their territory included modern Tumkur, Chitradurga, Kolar, Bellary and Bangalore districts. Chopra et al. (2003), part 1, p. 163
  24. ^ Adiga (2006), p. 142
  25. ^ They were an Andhra dynasty who ruled over Kurnool, Cuddappah in the 10th century. There inscriptions are in Telugu and Kannada. Chopra et al. (2003), part 1, p. 163
  26. ^ Also known as the Kempegowda family, builders of modern Bangalore-Kamath (2001), pp. 240–241
  27. ^ Two coins of the Hangal Kadambas exist, one with the Kannada inscription Saarvadhari and other with Nakara. They are preserved in the Royal Asiatic Society and Indian Historical Research Institute, Mumbai -Moraes (1931), p 385
  28. ^ Kamath (2001), pp. 143-144
  29. ^ The coins of the Kadambas of Goa are unique in that they have alternate inscription of the king's name in Kannada and Devanagari in triplicate. This shows that the native vernacular of the Goa Kadambas was Kannada. Moraes (1931), p 384
  30. ^ Kamat, Suryanath U., (2001), p.8, A Concise history of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present, Jupiter books, MCC, Bangalore, 2001 (Reprinted 2002), OCLC: 7796041
  31. ^ Bose, Manilal (1998), p.28, Social and Cultural History of Ancient India, Concept Publishing Company, ISBN 81-7022-598-1
  32. ^ Makhan Jha, (1997), pp52-53, Anthropology of Ancient Hindu Kingdoms: A Study in Civilizational Perspective, M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd, ISBN 81-7533-034-1
  33. ^ S.R. Bakshi, S. Gajrani, Hari Singh (2005), p.254, Early Aryans to Swaraj, Sarup & Sons, ISBN 81-7625-537-8
  34. ^ Sengupta, Nitish K (2011), p50, Land of Two Rivers: A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib, Penguin Books, Chapter:The Sen Dynasty, ISBN 9780143416784
  35. ^ Desai, Pandurang Bhimarao (1970), p.213, A History of Karnataka: From Pre-history to Unification, Kannada Research Institute, Karnatak University, OCLC:203297
  36. ^ Mishra, Jayakanta in Ayyappa Paniker (1997), p.280, p.289, Medieval Indian Literature: Surveys and selections, Sahitya Akademi, ISBN 81-260-0365-0
  37. ^ Pollock, Sheldon (2006), p.417, note.79, The Language of the Gods in the World of Men: Sanskrit, Culture, and Power in Premodern India, University of California Press, ISBN 9780520260030
  38. ^ a b Altekar in Kamath (2001), p. 73
  39. ^ Altekar 1934, pp. 21–22
  40. ^ Keay (2000), p 170
  41. ^ The Eastern Chalukyas were originally of Kannada stock who later encouraged Telugu Dr. K.S.S. Seshan, University of Hyderabad. "APOnline-History of Andhra Pradesh-ancient period-Eastern Chalukyas". Revenue Department (Gazetteers), Government of Andhra Pradesh. Tata Consultancy Services. Archived from the original on 6 December 2006. Retrieved 12 November 2006.
  42. ^ Shrinivas Ritti and A.V. Narasimha Murthy in Kamath 2001, p. 137
  43. ^ Seuna coins carry Kannada legends from the beginning of their rule (O.P. Varma in Kamath 2001, p. 137)
  44. ^ Masica, Colin P. (1991). "Subsequent Spread of Indo-Aryan". The Indo-Aryan Languages. Cambridge University Press. p. 45. ISBN 0-521-29944-6.
  45. ^ Majority of the Seuna inscriptions are in Kannada and during the formation of the kingdom, the Nasik-Ahamadnagar region (Seuna Desa) was a Kannada territory (Kamath 2001, p. 137)
  46. ^ A Kannada dynasty may have been created in Berar under the rule of Badami Chalukyas, (Altekar 1934, pp. 21–22)
  47. ^ The Gujarat Rashtrakutas signed even their Sanskrit records in Kannada because that was the language of the place of their origin (D.R. Bhandarkar in Kamath 2001, p 73)
  48. ^ The Gujarat Rashtrakutas would not have signed their inscriptions in Kannada language in far away Gujarat unless they were Kannadigas (Altekar 1934, pp 21–22)
  49. ^ B.P. Sinha in George E. Somers, Dynastic History of Magadha, p. 214, Abhinav Publications, 1977, New Delhi, ISBN 81-7017-059-1
  50. ^ Sen (1999), p282
  51. ^ Majumdar, R. C. (1977), Ancient India, Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, p. 320, New Delhi, ISBN 81-208-0436-8
  52. ^ a b c d e f "Group of Monuments at Hampi/Hampei". World Heritage. Retrieved 20 December 2006.
  53. ^ "And India's 7 wonders". The Times of India. 5 August 2007.
  54. ^ The Chalukyan magnificence[usurped]
  55. ^ "Badami Cave Temple". Archived from the original on 1 February 2009. Retrieved 2 March 2009.
  56. ^ "Aihole Temple relocation". The Hindu. 20 February 2007. Archived from the original on 15 October 2007. Retrieved 17 September 2013.
  57. ^ "Message with Long Life: Indian Inscriptions". Dr. Jyotsna Kamat. Retrieved 5 May 2009.
  58. ^ "Basavakalyan getting facelift". The Hindu. 8 August 2007. Archived from the original on 4 June 2008. Retrieved 17 September 2013.
  59. ^ "Kalyani Chalukyan temples". Templenet. Retrieved 17 September 2013.
  60. ^ a b Haridasa Contribution to Kannada Literature
  61. ^ Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. (2002) [1955]. A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar. New Delhi: Indian Branch, Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-560686-8.
  62. ^ Sharma, B.N.K (2000) [1961]. History of Dvaita school of Vedanta and its Literature. Bombay: Motilal Banarasidass. ISBN 81-208-1575-0.
  63. ^ OurKarnataka.com(OKC). "History of Karnataka - The Haridasa Movement". Ourkarnataka.com. Retrieved 17 September 2013.
  64. ^ "441st aradhana of Purandaradasa held at Hampi". The Hindu Online. 10 February 2005. Archived from the original on 6 December 2012. Retrieved 17 September 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  65. ^ "Ornamentation in South Indian Music and the Violin By Gordon N. Swift" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 June 2013. Retrieved 17 September 2013.
  66. ^ Thielemann, Selina (2000). The Music of South Asia. New Delhi: A. P. H. Publishing Corp. p. 521. ISBN 978-81-7648-057-4.
  67. ^ OurKarnataka.com(OKC). "YAKSHAGANA - The music of celestial beings". Ourkarnataka.com. Retrieved 17 September 2013.
  68. ^ "Bharat Ratna for Vocalist Pandit Bhimsen Joshi". Rediff. Retrieved 21 February 2009.
  69. ^ "Padma Awards". Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (India). Retrieved 16 May 2009.
  70. ^ "About C. Aswath". Caswath.com. Archived from the original on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 17 September 2013.
  71. ^ Manohar Laxman Varadpande (1992). History of Indian theatre, Volume 2. Abhinav Publications. p. 311. ISBN 978-81-7017-278-9.
  72. ^ "Karnataka Folk Theatre - Imitation of the Divine". Indiaprofile.com. Retrieved 17 September 2013.
  73. ^ "Harikatha sapthaha from today". The Hindu. 20 June 2011. Retrieved 17 September 2013.
  74. ^ "20,000 devotees to get together for Shivratri". The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 15 May 2014. Retrieved 17 September 2013.
  75. ^ Auckland Kannadigas enjoyed Harikathe on the occasion of 'Dasara' Archived 29 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  76. ^ "The puppet theatre tradition of Karnataka". INDIAN CULTURE. Retrieved 16 October 2022.
  77. ^ "Vasanthahabba from February 2". The Times of India. 29 January 2002. Archived from the original on 17 October 2012.
  78. ^ Kavita Mandana. "A spring in their step". Online Edition of The Deccan Herald, dated 2004-01-17. The Printers (Mysore) Private Ltd. Archived from the original on 14 May 2014. Retrieved 12 August 2007.
  79. ^ "About Bengaluru Habba". Bengaluruhabba.co.in. 22 January 2012. Retrieved 17 September 2013.
  80. ^ Jaanapada Jaatre, The Hindu
  81. ^ Soliga welcome planned for Kalam, The Hindu
  82. ^ "VEERAGASE DANCE- KARNATAKA, INDIA". Dance Ask. 16 December 2017. Retrieved 15 October 2022.
  83. ^ "Somana Kunita - Art form of Karnataka - Southtourism". www.southtourism.in. Retrieved 15 October 2022.
  84. ^ "Karnataka - Art Form". szccindia.org. Retrieved 15 October 2022.
  85. ^ Sharma, Shweta (24 January 2021). "Suggi Kunitha Dance of Karnataka". Retrieved 15 October 2022.
  86. ^ "Yakshaganam, Kasaragod, Kerala, India". Kerala Tourism - Bekal. Retrieved 1 July 2022.
  87. ^ "Story of Kannadiga, kannada and Karnataka: Folk Dances of Karnataka". Story of Kannadiga, kannada and Karnataka. Retrieved 16 October 2022.
  88. ^ Details regarding Dasara Wrestling competition held in Mysore is provided by Shankar Bennur. "Dasara wrestling to offer 'thunder' bouts". Online Edition of The Deccan Herald, dated 2005-09-30. 2005, The Printers (Mysore) Private Ltd. Archived from the original on 14 May 2014. Retrieved 4 April 2007.
  89. ^ Culinary Traditions of Medieval Karnataka: The Soopa Shastra of Mangarasa III, p.9-22
  90. ^ Raja M (24 June 2004). "India's new offering to curry Western flavor". Asia Times. Archived from the original on 2 February 2004. Retrieved 23 August 2010. The dosa, like most other south Indian culinary exports, is often linked to Udupi, a small temple town in the state of Karnataka{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  91. ^ Nair, P. Thankappan (2004). South Indians in Kolkata: History of Kannadigas, Konkanis, Malayalees, Tamilians, Telugus, South Indian Dishes, and Tippoo Sultan's Heirs in Calcutta. Punthi Pustak. ISBN 978-81-86791-50-9.
  92. ^ "Asia Times Online - The best news coverage from South Asia". 2 February 2004. Archived from the original on 2 February 2004. Retrieved 26 July 2022.
  93. ^ "Karnataka Khadi Gramodyog Samyukta Sangh (Federation), Hubli". Khadifederation.com. Retrieved 17 September 2013.
  94. ^ "The living bard". Deccan Herald. October 2011.
  95. ^ Prasad (19 September 2011). "ಡಾ. ಚಂದ್ರಶೇಖರ ಕಂಬಾರರಿಗೆ ಜ್ಞಾನಪೀಠ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿ". Thatskannada.oneindia.in. Archived from the original on 16 July 2012. Retrieved 17 September 2013.
  96. ^ Ramanujan, A. K. (1973), Speaking of Śiva Harmondsworth: Penguin, p. 11, ISBN 0-14-044270-7
  97. ^ R.S. Mugali (2006), The Heritage of Karnataka, pp. 173–175 ISBN 1-4067-0232-3
  98. ^ Jnanpith for Kambar, TheHindu.com; accessed 16 January 2022.
  99. ^ "Government establishes Beary Academy". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 25 August 2007. Archived from the original on 1 October 2007.
  100. ^ Hermann Mögling's contribution to the Kannada literature is mentioned by Shrinivas Havanur. "Herr Kannada". Online Edition of The Deccan Herald 2004-01-18. 1999 The Printers (Mysore) Private Ltd. Archived from the original on 14 May 2014. Retrieved 1 May 2007.
  101. ^ Bellary Shamanna Kesavan (1988) - History of Printing and Publishing in India: Volume 2, p.48
  102. ^ Shuma Raha (19 November 2006). "Battleground Bangalore". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007.
  103. ^ "Times Group acquires Vijayanand Printers". Online Edition of The Times of India dated 2006-06-15. Times Internet Limited. Retrieved 8 June 2007.
  104. ^ "Padma Bhushan Awardees". Archived from the original on 9 August 2014. Retrieved 17 January 2017.
  105. ^ "GDP contribution". Kar.nic.in. Archived from the original on 14 March 2012. Retrieved 17 September 2013.
  106. ^ "CULTIVATION OF SANDALWOOD – Karnataka Soaps & Detergents Limited". Archived from the original on 17 July 2017. Retrieved 23 July 2017.
  107. ^ "Bureaucratic Corruption". Rediff.com. Retrieved 17 September 2013.
  108. ^ S Gurumurthy of The New Indian Express Archived 8 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  109. ^ Bharadwaj, K. V. Aditya (8 November 2022). "In Karnataka, five communities with 4% population will fall under EWS quota". The Hindu.
  110. ^ Harish Ramaswamy (2007). Karnataka Government and Politics. Concept Publishing Company. pp. 398–399. ISBN 978-81-8069-397-7.
  111. ^ Karnataka State Gazetteer: Mysore. Director of Print, Stationery and Publications at the Government Press. 1988. p. 157.
  112. ^ Jainism and Karnataka Culture by Shripad Rama Sharma|page 13|2017
  113. ^ "NRN opens heart to Kannadigas". Deccan Herald. 11 March 2011. Retrieved 17 September 2013.
  114. ^ Singara - Kannada Sangha (Singapore) Archived 10 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  115. ^ "Karnataka Sangha Mumbai". Karnataka Sangha Mumbai. Retrieved 17 September 2013.
  116. ^ "Mallige Kannada Balaga: Spreading Fragrance of Karnataka in Mauritius". Daijiworld.com. Retrieved 17 September 2013.
  117. ^ TNN (5 January 2002). "AKKA to host world Kannada meet in US from 2 September". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 16 September 2012.
  118. ^ a b "LIS India - Regions & Departements France".
  119. ^ "Kannadigas TN's 3rd biggest group | Bengaluru News - Times of India". The Times of India. 16 April 2008.
  120. ^ "Indiaspeak: English is our 2nd language". The Times of India. 14 March 2010. Archived from the original on 4 May 2011. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  121. ^ "Kannadigas outnumber Malayalis 2:1 in Tamil Nadu". The Times of India. 15 April 2008.
  122. ^ "NRI Forum Karnataka".
  123. ^ "Navika".
  124. ^ "Home". akkaonline.org.
  125. ^ "Singara".
  126. ^ "ಕನ್ನಡ ಸಂಘ ಸ್ಯಾಕ್ರಮೆಂಟೊ | Kannada Sangha of Sacramento".
  127. ^ "KKK Club Membership | Kuwait Kannada Koota".
  128. ^ https://pbs.twimg.com/media/BsmVIxXCQAAmPBJ.jpg [bare URL image file]
  129. ^ Raghu Karnad [@rkarnad] (15 July 2014). "#Kannadigas in #WW2! Joining up for the swag (8 acres & a Rs 75 salary). A full Lingayat battalion was raised in '41" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  130. ^ "There is a Lot in a Name". Archived from the original on 7 June 2013.
  131. ^ "Historians pick Vizag revolt as first war of Independence". Deccan Chronicle. 20 July 2017.
  132. ^ "Lingayat Battalion".
  133. ^ "Pustak Shakti Press Release 1". www.pustakshakti.com. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007.

Further reading

[edit]
  • John Keay, History of India, 2000, Grove publications, New York, ISBN 0-8021-3797-0
  • Suryanath U. Kamat, A Concise history of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present, Jupiter books, MCC, Bangalore, 2001 (Reprinted 2002) OCLC: 7796041
  • Dr. Romila Thapar, The Penguin History of Early India, From Origin to 1300 AD., 2003, Penguin, New Delhi, ISBN 0-14-302989-4
  • Altekar, Anant Sadashiv (1934), The Rashtrakutas And Their Times; being a political, administrative, religious, social, economic and literary history of the Deccan during c. 750 AD to c. 1000 AD, Oriental Book Agency, Poona, OCLC 3793499
  • K.A. Nilakanta Sastri, History of South India, From Prehistoric times to fall of Vijayanagar, 1955, OUP, New Delhi (Reprinted 2002), ISBN 0-19-560686-8
  • R. Narasimhacharya, History of Kannada Literature, 1988, Asian Educational Services, New Delhi, Madras, 1988 ISBN 81-206-0303-6.
  • Malini Adiga (2006), The Making of Southern Karnataka: Society, Polity and Culture in the early medieval period, AD 400–1030, Orient Longman, Chennai, ISBN 81-250-2912-5
  • George M. Moraes (1931), The Kadamba Kula, A History of Ancient and Medieval Karnataka, Asian Educational Services, New Delhi, Madras, 1990 ISBN 81-206-0595-0
  • Rice, B.L. [1897] (2001). Mysore Gazetteer Compiled for Government-vol 1. New Delhi, Madras: Asian Educational Services. ISBN 81-206-0977-8.
  • Chopra P.N., Ravindran T.K., Subrahmanian N. (2003), History of South India (Ancient, Medieval and Modern), Chand publications, New Delhi ISBN 81-219-0153-7
  • Cousens, Henry, (1926), The Chalukyan Architecture of Kanarese Districts, Archaeological Survey of India, New Delhi, OCLC 37526233
  • Sen, Sailendra Nath (1999) [1999]. Ancient Indian History and Civilization. New Age Publishers. ISBN 81-224-1198-3.
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kannadigas&oldid=1255499754"